The report on the state of the climate in Europe in 2025 warns that our continent is warming twice as fast as the global average. At this rate, we will reach the 1.5 °C limit set in the Paris Agreement by the end of this decade, with direct consequences for biodiversity and climate security.

In 2025, half of the world’s population experienced more days with heat index values above 32 °C than in a typical year. In southern and eastern Spain, this excess of extreme heat lasted 50 additional days compared to normal, highlighting the vulnerability of the Iberian Peninsula. In Spain, the fifth wettest spring on record helped ease the drought that began in 2022, but it also promoted massive vegetation growth that could later become fuel for summer wildfires. Notably, Spain’s forest emissions accounted, in August alone, for half of the European total, which reached levels nearly five times higher than the historical average.

The report emphasizes that warming affects not only the atmosphere but also lakes and oceans. In fact, sea surface temperatures in Europe have reached a record high for the fourth consecutive year. Meanwhile, as mountain glaciers continue to retreat, the annual maximum Arctic sea ice extent—typically reached in March—fell to a historic low last year.

The report also highlights major regional contrasts in Europe in terms of precipitation and water instability. Short-duration extreme rainfall events are now more frequent and intense due to a warmer atmosphere capable of holding more moisture, increasing the risk of flash flooding and aligning with warnings from the latest IPCC report.

As for renewable energy, nearly half of Europe’s energy demand is already met by these sources. This is partly due to the boom in solar photovoltaic energy, which has multiplied its production over the past twenty years thanks to an increase in sunny, less cloudy days, especially in central Europe.

The report also warns about the threat posed by extreme warming to Mediterranean marine biodiversity, where annual heatwaves have reduced Posidonia oceanica seagrass meadows by 34%, which are vital for the stability of the Mediterranean ecosystem. In fact, their recovery is included in the EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030, as these meadows act as carbon sinks and protect coastlines from storms. Their protection is fostering greater species richness, more complex marine communities, and habitats that serve as natural nurseries for fish.

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